Journal of Global Health (JoGH) is a peer-review general medical journal focusing on issues relevant for global health. The mission of the journal is to serve the community of researchers, funding agencies, international organizations, policy-makers and other stakeholders by providing an independent critical assessment of the key issues that dominated the global health community.
JoGH publishes original articles, viewpoints, research protocols and other publication items, making them available in full text online as soon as they are ready for publication. The articles are collected in two annual print issues, at the end of June and December. All submissions and editorial enquiries should be directed to Rachael.Atherton[@]jogh.org.
Publisher: International Society of Global Health (ISoGH). ISoGH is a not-for-profit organisation, registered in Edinburgh, UK (company number: SC630328). Its aims include the promotion of global health as a field of scientific research and health-care practice nationally and internationally; and the dissemination and promotion of global health research and practice.
The views expressed by the authors do not reflect the views of JoGH or its publisher.
Journal design: Snježana Engelman Džafić for LASERplus, Zagreb, Croatia
Realisation: LASERplus, Zagreb, Croatia, www.laser-plus.hr
Creative Commons Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Print ISSN: 2047-2978
Online ISSN: 2047-2986
JoGH editors and editorial board members are independent researchers based at academic institutions, thus being well placed to provide professional evaluation of the key topics and ongoing activities and programs.
Professor Igor Rudan
Chair in International Health and Molecular Medicine; Co-Director, WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training; Co-Director, Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Professor Harry Campbell
Professor of Genetic Epidemiology and Public Health; Co-Director, WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training; Co-Director, Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
North America:
Professor Robert E. Black
Director for the Institute of International Programs; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USAProfessor Rifat Atun
Professor of Global Health Systems; Director of Global Health Systems Cluster; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USAProfessor Gary L. Darmstadt
Associate Dean for Maternal and Child Health and Professor of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USASouth America:
Professor Claudio F. Lanata
Nutritional Research Institute; Lima, PeruProfessor Cesar G. Victora
Professor of Epidemiology; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas, BrazilEurope:
Professor Sue C. Welburn
Vice-Principal, Global Access; Professor, Medical and Veterinary Molecular Epidemiology; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKProfessor Evropi Theodoratou
Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKAfrica:
Professor Shabir A. Madhi
Executive Director, National Institute for Communicable Diseases; DST/NRF South African Research Chair in Vaccine Preventable Diseases; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaProfessor Mark R. Tomlinson
Department of Psychology; Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South AfricaAsia:
Professor Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
The Noordin Noormahomed Sheriff Endowed Professor and Founding Chair; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; The Aga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanProfessor Shams El Arifeen
Professor of Epidemiology; Director, Centre for Child and Adolescent Health; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B); James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, BangladeshChina:
Professor Yan Guo
Professor of Public Health; Vice President, Peking University Health Science Center; Vice Chairman of the Chinese Rural Health Association; Vice Director of the China Academy of Health Policy (PKU); School of Public Health, Peking University,Beijing, ChinaDr Kit Yee Chan
Visiting Scholar, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center; Peking University, Beijing, China and Reader, Center for Population Health Sciences; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine; The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UKProfessor Peige Song
School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaIndia:
Professor K. Srinath Reddy
President, Public Health Foundation of India; President, World Heart Federation; Chair, Core Advisory Group on Health and Human Rights, National Human Rights Commission, India; President, National Board of Examinations, India; Bernard Lown Visiting Professor of Cardiovascular Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USAProfessor Harish Nair
Public Health Foundation of India; Indian Institute of Public Health, New Delhi, India; Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UKAustralia and Western Pacific:
Professor Trevor Duke
Director, Centre for International Child Health; Director, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Child and Neonatal Health; Deputy Director of the Intensive Care Unit and Clinical Director of the General Intensive Care Unit; The University of Melbourne and Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, AustraliaProfessor Wei Wang
Professor of Postgraduate Medicine; School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, AustraliaProfessor James Smith – Vice-Principal International; Professor of African and Development Studies; School of Social and Political Science; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Jake Broadhurst – Head, Global Academies Directorate; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Professor Mickey Chopra – Honorary Professor of Global Health; Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Lead health Specialist, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
Dr Elizabeth Grant – Director, Global Health Academy; Senior Lecturer in Global Health and Development; Programme Director, Distance Learning Masters Programmes; Centre for Population Health Sciences; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Professor Devi Sridhar – Chair in Global Public Health; Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK and Co-Director, Centre for AIDS Interdisciplinary Research (CAIRO), Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
Professor Sarah Cunningham-Burley – Dean of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, Professor of Medical and Family Sociology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Professor Aziz Sheikh – Co-Director of the Centre of Medical Informatics and Professor of Primary Care Research and Development, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Dr Davies Adeloye – Covenant University Ota Ogun State, Nigeria; and Centre for Global Health Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Professor Abdullah H. Baqui – Director, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health; The Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Dr Luciana Brondi – Centre for Global Health Research, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Dr W. Abdullah Brooks – Director, Kamalapur Field Site; Head, Infectious Diseases Unit; The Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Professor Graham Brown – Foundation Director; Nossal Institute for Global Health; The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Australia
Ruth M. Campbell – Honorary Associate/Researcher; Harvard Global Equity Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
Associate Professor Josip Car – Director of Health Services and Outcomes Research Programme; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine; Imperial College &Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Director, Global eHealth Unit, School of Public Health, The Imperial College London, London, UK
Professor Simon Cousens – Professor of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics; Director of Research Degrees; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Professor Karen Edmond – Winthrop Professor; School of Paediatrics and Child Health; The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Dr Christa L. Fischer Walker – Associate Scientist; Division of Global Disease Epidemiology and Control; The Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Professor Wendy J. Graham – Chair in Obstetrics and Gynaecology; The Institute of Applied Sciences; The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Dr David B. Hipgrave – Honorary Senior Researcher; Nossal Institute of Global Health; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia and UNICEF, New York, NY, USA
Dr Hope L. Johnson – Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA and Head, Programme Outcomes and Impact, GAVI Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland
Professor Keith P. Klugman – William H. Foege Chair of Global Health; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health; The Emory Universtiy, Atlanta, GA, USA
Assistant Professor Ivana Kolčić – Assistant Professor of Epidemiology; Croatian Centre for Global Health; Department of Public Health; The University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Assistant Professor Tomislav Lauc – Assistant Professor of Orthodontics and Dental Anthropology; Editor-in-Chief, South European Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research; Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences and Humanities; University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Professor Joy E. Lawn – Director, Global Evidence and Policy, Saving Newborn Lives programme, Save the Children; Director, MARCH Centre; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Professor You Li – Lead of the Infectious Diseases Modelling and Epidemiology Group, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Clinical Assistant Professor James A. Litch – Director, Perinatal Interventions Program; Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS), Seattle Children’s; Department of Global Health and Department of Epidemiology; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Dr Li Liu – Assistant Professor; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Department of International Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Professor Azeem Majeed – Head, Department of Primary Care & Public Health; Imperial College London, UK
Professor Julie Meeks Gardner – Head, Caribbean Child Development Centre; Consortium for Social Research and Development; The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
Professor Katherine L. O’Brien – Executive Director, The International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC); Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Associate Professor Ozren Polašek – Associate Professor of Biostatistics; Director, Croatian Centre for Global Health; Department of Public Health; The University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Professor Carine Ronsmans – Professor of Epidemiology; Head, Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Professor Craig E. Rubens – Affiliate Professor of Global Health and Affiliate Professor of Pediatrics; Executive Director, Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS); Seattle Children’s and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
Professor Samir K. Saha – Head, Department of Microbiology; Executive Director, The Child Health Research Foundation; Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Professor Joshua A. Salomon – Professor of Global Health; Department of Global Health and Population; Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Global Health Institute; Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Dr Giorgio Tamburlini – Research Director, Institute of Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo; Scientific Director, European School for Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health; Director, WHO Collaborating Centre on Maternal and Child Health; The Institute Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Assistant Professor Alexander C. Tsai – Assistant Professor of Psychiatry; Department of Psychiatry; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, USA
Professor Peter Tugwell – Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology & Community Medicine; co-Director, WHO Collaborating Centre for Knowledge Translation and Health Technology Assessment in Health Equity; Director, Centre for Global Health; Institute of Population Health and Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Associate Professor Anita K. Zaidi – Director of Research, Department of Paediatrics and Microbiology; The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan and Director, Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
Associate Professor Lina Zgaga – Associate Professor of Epidemiology; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Trinity College Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
Professor Stanley H. Zlotkin – Professor, Departments of Paediatrics, Nutritional Sciences and Dalla Lana School of Public HealthVice President, Medical and Academic Affairs, Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Division of Clinical Medicine; The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Dr Henry Kalter – Institute of International Programs; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Professor Ana Marušić
Chair, Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, The University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
Rachael Atherton – Centre for Global Health Research; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
The editors in chief of the Journal of Global Health are grateful to experts who peer-reviewed the submissions in 2022:
Syed Zaheer Abbas (Beijing, China)
Davies Adeloye (Edinburgh, UK)
Kabiru O Akinyemi (Lagos, Nigeria)
Sajjad Ali (Karachi, Pakistan)
Marilena Anastasaki (Heraklion, Greece)
Maxwell A. Barffour (Springfield, MI, USA)
Tarun Bastiampillai (Adelaide, Australia)
Rafael Calero Bernal (Madrid, Spain)
Marie Buchtova (Lipník and Bečvou, Czechia)
Ivan Buljan (Split, Croatia)
Lina Diaz Castro (Mexico City, Mexico)
Deepak Chawla (Chandigarh, India)
Adam Chen (Atlanta, GA, USA)
Darien Cipta (Tangerang, Indonesia)
Rok Čivljak (Zagreb, Croatia)
Bruce Edwards (Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Levente Emődy (Pécs, Hungary)
Folorunso O. Fasina (Nairobi, Kenya)
Balasankar Ganesan (Shatin, Hong Kong
Danijela Gasevic (Adelaide, Australia)
Ezra Gayawan (Akure, Nigeria)
Andrew Gibbs (Cape Town, South Africa)
Anton Glasnović (Zagreb, Croatia)
Irena Zakarija Grkovic (Split, Croatia)
Nachiket Gudi (New Delhi, India)
Jin Guo (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK)
Andreas Heinz (Berlin, Germany)
Mila Htay (Melaka, Malaysia)
Debra J Jackson (London, UK)
Ke Ju (Melbourne, Australia)
Abdulkarim Jafar Karim (Baghdad, Iraq)
Muhammad Sharif Karimi (Razi, Iran)
Mostaured Ali Khan (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Ivana Kolčić (Zagreb/Split, Croatia)
Giuseppe Lanza (Catania, Italy)
Shaun Lee (Selangor, Malaysia)
Chris Lemoh (Canberra, Australia)
Mat Lowe (Kombo North, The Gambia)
Rebecca Lunedin (Trieste, Italy)
Marija Franka Marusic (Split, Croatia)
Antonija Mijatović (Split, Croatia)
Juan Ming (Guangzhou, China)
Ali Si-Mohammed (Dijon, France)
Atnafu Morka (Gondar, Ethiopia)
Paula Moynihan (Adelaide, Australia)
Suleiman Mshelia (Jos, Nigeria)
Joses Muthuri (Meru, Kenya)
Harish Nair (Edinburgh, UK)
Israel Júnior Borges do Nascimento (Copenhagen, Denmark)
Sidrah Nausheen (Karachi, Pakistan)
Sam A Okuonzi (Kampala, Uganda)
Richard Osei-Yeboah (Edinburgh, UK)
Smruti Patel (Washington DC, USA)
Prince Peprah (Kensington, Australia)
Tina Poklepović Peričić (Split, Croatia)
Ozren Polašek (Zagreb/Split, Croatia)
Shelly Pranić (Split, Croatia)
Livia Puljak (Zagreb, Croatia)
Ehsan Rahman (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Elena Sonia Rotarou (Santiago, Chila)
Emma Sacks (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Aselya Sadykova (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Konstantin Sharov (Moscow, Russia)
Nabila Soraa (Marrakech, Morocco)
Peter Schielen (Utrecht, The Netherlands)
Lei Si (Newtown NSW, Australia)
Stella Talic (Adelaide, Australia)
Laxmi Tamang (Kathmandu, Nepal)
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema (Gondor, Ethiopia)
Dialechti Tsimpida (Liverpool, UK)
Liang Wang (Guangzhou, China)
Xin Wang (Nanjing, China)
Jing Wu (Tianjin, China)
Qi-Jun Wu (Shengjing, China)
Jing Xue (Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China)
Li You (Nanjing, China)
Jianrong Zhang (Melbourne, Australia)
Yan Zhang (Beijing, China)
Yanfeng Zhang (Beijing, China)
Yanmin Zhang (Xi’an, China)
Ljubo Znaor (Split, Croatia)
The editors in chief of the Journal of Global Health are grateful to experts who peer-reviewed the submissions in 2021:
Maya Adam (Stanford, CA, USA)
Victor Adekanmbi (Cardiff, UK)
Davies Adeloye (Edinburgh, UK)
Stephen Allen (Liverpool, UK)
Agbessi Amouzou (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Armando Arrendondo (Mexico, City, Mexico)
Jo-Anna Baxter (Toronto, Canada)
Lenka Benova (Antwerp, Belgium)
Sohinee Bhattacharya (Aberdeen, UK)
Jan Blustein (New, York, NY, USA)
Paula Bracco (Porto, Alegre, Brazil)
James Butterworth (Kansas City, KS, USA)
Kit Yee Chan (Edinburgh, UK)
Yanxian Chen (Beijing, China)
Yanxian Chen (Beijing, China)
Tingting Chen (Guangzhou, China)
Zhou Chen (Atlanta, GA, USA)
Kate Clouse (Nashville, TN, USA)
Flávia Silva Damasceno (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
Allison Daniels (Toronto, Canada)
Trevor Duke (Melbourne, Australia)
Mekonen Eshete (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)
Evridiki Fioratou (Dundee, UK)
Rosemary Foster (Cape Town, South, Africa)
Filomena Gomes (New York, NY, USA)
Anton Glasnovic (Zagreb, Croatia)
Monsur Habib (Dhaka, Bangadesh)
Liyuan Han (Ningbo, China)
Petra Heitkamp (Montreal, Canada)
Siddhivinayak Hirve (Geneva, Switzerland)
Wenbin Huang (Haikou, China)
Yangmu Huang (Beijing, China)
Fyezah Jehan (Karachi, Pakistan)
Nia Kurniati (Jakarta, Indonesia)
Peter Lachman (Dublin, Ireland)
Hannah Leslie (San Francisco, CA, USA)
Chaofan Li (Jinan, China)
You Li (Edinburgh, UK)
Zijun Liao (Beijing, China)
Maria Lohan (Belfast, UK).
Armando Arredondo Lopez (Mexico City, Mexico)
Ye Luo (Clemson, SC, USA)
Luwen Zhang (Guangzhou, China)
Jote Markos (Nekemte, Ethiopia)
Marija Franka Marusic (Split, Croatia)
Doug Morgan (Birmingham, AL, USA)
Chantal van Niekerk (Pretoria, South Africa)
Nick Oliphant (New, York, NY, USA)
Chen-Wei Pan (Suzhou, China)
Max Parkin (Oxford, UK)
Smruti Patel (Washington DC, USA)
Joseph Murray Pelotas (Brazil)
Eduardo Viegas da Silva Pelotas (Brazil)
Henry Perry (Durham, NC, USA)
Adriana Peña (Ciudad de México, México)
Ozren Polasek (Split, Croatia)
Xiaopeng Qi (Beijing, China)
Rajesh Kumar Rai (Suri, India)
Wengwang Rao (Montreal, Canada)
Davide Rasella (Salvador Bahia, Brazil)
Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi (Zahedan, Iran)
Kavita Singh (Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
Emily Smith (Washington, DC, USA)
Peige Song (Zhejiang, China)
Yi Song (Beijing, China)
David Southall (Laide, UK)
T S Sunil (Tennesse, USA)
Stella Tallic (Canberra, Australia)
Pragya Tiwari (New Delhi, India)
Gurmesa Tura (Jimma, Ethiopia)
Marjan Walli-Attaei (Hamilton, ON, Canada)
Shi-bin Wang (Macau)
Meijiao Wang (Beijing, China)
Xin Wang (Guangzhou, China)
Duane Wang (Seattle, WA, USA)
Xin Wang (Edinburgh, UK)
Humphrey Wanzira (Kampala, Uganda)
Kerri Wazny (London, UK)
Kue Young (Alberta, Canada)
Shicheng Yu (Beijing, China)
Ilham Zaida (Lucknow, India)
Muhammad Zaman (Boston, MA, USA)
Yanbing Zeng (Xiamen, China)
Luwen Zhang (Guangzhou, China)
Xuezhi Zhou (Hunan, China)
Adam Zhou (Atlanta, GA, USA)
The editors in chief of the Journal of Global Health are grateful to experts who peer-reviewed the submissions in 2020:
Davies Adeloye (Edinburgh, UK)
Agbessi Amouzou (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Ngozi Akwataghibe (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Louis Bont (Utrecht, the Netherlands)
Peter Byass (Umeå, Sweden)
Zhou Chen (Athens, GA, USA)
Jie Cheng (Xiamen, China)
Melissa Culp (Chevy Chase, MD, USA)
Albertino Damasceno (Maputo, Mozambique)
Bremen De Mucio (Washington DC, USA)
Tabassum Firoz (Bridgeport, CT, USA)
Gerry Fowkes (University of Edinburgh, UK)
Mary Flook (Edinburgh, UK)
Katya Galactionova (Basel, Switzerland)
Danijela Gasevic (Canberra, Australia)
Sarah Gimbel (Seattle, WA, USA)
Amy Gimma (London, UK)
Anton Glasnovic (Zagreb, Croatia)
Luyang He (Shanghai, China)
Marie Ishida (Melbourne, Australia)
Charlotte Jackson (London, UK)
Mohamed F. Jalloh (Atlanta, GA, USA)
Mira Johri (Montreal, Canada)
Amir Kirolos (Edinburgh, UK)
Moe Kyaw (Fairwater, VA, USA
Felix Lam (Boston, MA, USA)
Laura Latina (Sydney, Australia)
Andrew Marsh (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Marija Franka Marusic (Split, Croatia)
Dennis Matanda (New York, NY, USA)
Qin Mengqi (Singapore)
Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi (Tehran, Iran)
Cheryl Moyer (Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Alison Mildon (Toronto, Canada)
Malay Kanti Mridha (Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Suleiman Msheila (Jos, Nigeria)
Bremen De Mucio (Washington DC, USA)
David Musoke (Entebbe, Uganda)
Smruti Patel (Washington DC, USA)
Ozren Polasek (Split, Croatia)
Xiaobo Qu (Beijing, China)
Chalapati Rao (Canberra, Australia)
Ahmed Sarki (Kampala, Uganda)
Mario Šekerija (Zagreb, Croatia)
Pilar Serrano Gallardo (Madrid, Spain)
Sajid Bashir Soofi (Karachi, Pakistan)
Guo-Ping Shi (Boston, MA, USA)
Kevin Sykes (Lawrence, KS, USA)
Helen Stagg (Edinburgh, UK)
Stella Samoborec Talic (Canberra, Australia)
Evropi Theodorato (Edinburgh, UK)
James K Tibenderana (London, UK)
Xin Wang (Edinburgh, UK)
Sabina Wagner (Basel, Switzerland)
Shibin Wang (Guangdong, China)
Xin Wang (Edinburgh, UK)
Fraser Wares (The Hague, the Netherlands)
Yafen Wei (Harbin, China
William Weiss (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Mike Wessells (New York, NY, USA)
Danilo Lo Go Wong (Geneva, Switzerland)
Li You (Edinburgh, UK)
Dongyu Zhang (Washington DC, USA)
Ying Zheng (Fudan, China)
The editors in chief of the Journal of Global Health are grateful to experts who peer-reviewed the submissions in 2019:
Abu Abdullah (Jiangsu, China)
Frances Aboud (Montreal, Canada)
Davies Adeloye (Edinburgh, UK)
Adewale Victor Aderemi (Osogbo, Nigeria)
Tahir Ahmed (Newcastle, Australia)
Anthony Ajayi (East London, South Africa)
Fred Arnold (Rockville, MD, USA)
Priya Arora (New Delhi, India)
Oliver Bartlett (Maynooth, Republic of Ireland)
Nicole Batsch (Dublin, Republic of Ireland)
Mags Beksinska (Johannesburg, South Africa)
Lenka Benova (Antwerp, Belgium)
Bal Ram Bhui (Nairobi, Kenya)
Karl Blanchet (London, UK)
Hannah Blencowe (London, UK)
Ties Boerma (Manitoba, Canada)
Malia Boggs (Washington DC, USA)
Ross Boyce (Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
Peter Brooks (Melbourne, Australia)
Peter Byass (Umea, Sweden)
Andrew Carson-Stevens (Cardiff, UK)
Bethany Caruso (Atlantic, GA, USA)
Liliana Carvajal (New York, NY, USA)
CP Chandrasekhar (New Delhi, India)
Ben Cislaghi (London, UK)
Salvador Corrêa (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Daniel Corsi (Ottawa, Canada)
Karen Cowgill (Seattle, WA, USA)
Henry Doctor (Cairo, Egypt)
James Dollman (Adelaide, Australia)
Angela Dramowski (Stellenbosch, South Africa)
Michael Durkin (London, UK)
Jessica Evert (Oakland, CA, USA)
Laercio Joel Franco (São Paulo, Brazil)
Theodros Getachew (Addis Ababa, Ethiopa)
Adrian Gheorghe (London, UK)
Prakash Ghimire (Kirtipur, Nepal)
Anton Glasnovic (Split, Croatia)
Nancy Glass (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Elba Gonzalez-Mejia (Puebla, Pue, Mexico)
David Rodriguez Gonzalez (Santander, Spain)
Claudia Gravekamp (New York, NY, USA)
Abu Hasanat Md. Kishowar Hossain (Dhakar, Bangladesh)
Abigail Hatcher (Johannesburg, South Africa)
Berrie Holtzhausen (Swakopmund, Namibia)
Ruhul Jindal (Washington, DC, USA)
Ivana Kolcic (Split, Croatia)
Vineet Kumar Kamal (Chennai, India)
Moe Kyaw (Fairwater, VA, USA)
Felix Lam (Boston, MA, USA)
Marita van de Laar (Zennewijnen, The Netherlands)
Alain Labrique (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Chandrakant Lahariya (Geneva, Switzerland)
Hsien-Yuan Lane (Taiwan)
Laurance Lannes (Washington DC, USA)
Andrew Likaka (Blantyre, Malawi)
Tao Liu (Duisburg, Germany)
Ying Lu (Xinjiang, China)
Meghan McCullough (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Vicki MacDonald (Bethesda, MD, USA)
Alison Macintyre (East Melbourne, Australia)
Ana Teresa Madeira (Lisbon, Portugal)
Meredith Manze (New York, NY, USA)
Otilia Mardh (Solna, Sweden)
Andrew Marsh (Baltimore, ML, USA)
Kevin Marsh (Oxford, UK)
Dimitris Milakis (Berlin, Germany)
Alison Mildon (Toronto, Canada)
Colin Millard (Newcastle, UK)
- Glenn Morris(Gainesville, FL, USA)
Cheryl A Moyer (Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Maureen Murphy (George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA)
Moise Muzigaba (Geneva, Switzerland)
Petter Nielsen (Oslo, Norway)
Peishan Ning (Changsha, China)
Shengli Niu (Geneva, Switzerland)
Samuel H. Nyarko (Hohoe, Ghana)
Omotayo Moshood Olanrewaju (Boston, MA, USA)
Kavita Singh Ongechi (Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
Michel Pacqué (Washington DC, USA)
Krisna Pangesti (Sydney, Australia)
Henry Perry (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Lars Åke Persson (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)
Smruti Patel (Washington DC, USA)
Ozren Polašek (Split, Croatia)
Ian Plumb (Atlanta, GA , USA)
Bernardo Hernandez Prado (Seattle, WA, USA)
Jessica Price (Oxford, UK)
Stevan Radaković (Virovitica, Croatia)
Radha Rajan (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Selina Rajan (London, UK)
Ravindra Rao (New Delhi, India)
Barbara Rawlins (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Paul Robinson (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Alfonso Rosales (Washington DC, USA)
Meikle Schlieff (Baltimore, MD)
Yackoob Seedat (Durban, South Africa)
Katherine Semrau (Boston, MA, USA)
Holly Shakya (San Diego, CA, USA)
Sema Sgaier (Washington DC, USA)
Tarek El Shamy (London, UK)
Lindsay Stark (St Louis, MO, USA)
Alex Tsai (Boston, MA, USA)
David Turner (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Jalal Uddin (Birmingham, AL, USA)
Zach Wagner (Santa Monica, CA, USA)
Damien de Walque (Washington DC, USA)
Gijs Walraven (Geneva, Switzerland)
David Walugembe (Kampala, Uganda)
Haipeng Wang (Shandong, China)
Peigang Wang (Wuhan, China)
Kerri Wazny (London, UK)
Fuqiang Yang (Fuzhou, China)
Li Yang (Beijing, China)
Yunbin Yang (Nanfang, China)
Luwen Zhang (Guangzhou, China)
Liling Zou (Tongji, China)
The editors in chief of the Journal of Global Health are grateful to experts who peer-reviewed the submissions in 2017:
Abu Abdullah (Jiangsu, China)
Frances Aboud (Montreal, Canada)
Davies Adeloye (Ota, Nigeria)
Venkatesh Aithal (Townsville, Australia)
Mohammed Ali (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Arshad Altaf (Geneva, Switzerland)
Soumya Alva (Washington, DC, USA)
Agbessi Amouzou (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Andrew Argent (Cape Town, South Africa)
Robert Bain (New York, NY, USA)
Taye Balcha (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)
Evelyn Balsells (Edinburgh, UK)
Lana Barać (Split, Croatia)
Aluisio Barros (Pelotas, Brazil)
Harpreet Bassi (Norwich, UK)
Genevičve Begkoyian (New Delhi, India)
Saverio Bellizzi (Sassari, Italy)
James Berkley (Oxford, UK)
Taposh Kumar Biswas (Dhakar, Bangladesh)
Ann Blanc (New York, NY, USA)
Ties Boerma (Winnipeg, Canada)
Jan Brunson (Hawaii, USA)
Janaína Calu Costa (Pelotas, Brazil)
Adriano Cattaneo (Trieste, Italy)
Catherine Cavalin (Paris, France)
Danielle Charlet (Chevy Chase, MD, USA)
Mao Chen (Hong Kong)
Ellen Chetwynd (Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
Simon Cousens (London, UK)
Ana Crawford (Stanford, CA, USA)
Steve Cunningham (Edinburgh, UK)
Allison Daniel (Toronto, Canada)
Axel Dreher (Heidelberg, Germany)
Hanan El Marra (Gothenberg, Sweden)
Martinsixtus Ezejimofor (Warwick, UK)
Genevie Fernandes (Edinburgh, UK)
Jonine Figueroa (Edinburgh, UK)
Marco Floridia (Rome, Italty)
Bernhard Frey (Zürich, Switzerland)
Pierre Gevenois (Bruxelles, Belgium)
Rula Ghandour (Ramallah, Occupied Palestinian Territories)
Eliza Govender (Durban, South Africa)
Karen Grepin (Waterloo, Canada)
Henk Groen (Groningen, The Netherlands)
Tanya Guenther (Washington, DC, USA)
Bishal Gyawali (Nagoya, Japan)
Tedbabe Hailegebriel (New York, NY, USA)
Andrew Hall (Montpellier, France)
Helene Hiwat (Paramaribo, Suriname)
Beverly Ho (Manila, The Philippines)
Stephen Hodgins (Washington, DC, USA)
Thomas Hone (London, UK)
Zhiyuan Hou (Shanghai, China)
Ted Hupp (Edinburgh, UK)
Troy Jacobs (Washington, DC, USA)
Mihajlo Jakovljevic (Seattle, WA, USA)
Zina Jarrah (Boston, MA, USA)
Jon Jay (Boston, MA, USA)
Mary Carol Jennings (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Qiang Jia (Shandong, China)
Cun-Xian Jia (Shandong, China)
Ari Johnston (San Francisco, CA, USA)
Sumit Kane (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
Rajendra Karkee (Dharan, Nepal)
Rebecca Katz (Washington, DC, USA)
Ilan Kedan (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Pete Kinross (Solna, Sweden)
Hanah Koenker (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Julie Krasevec (New York, NY, USA)
Marcela Krutova (Prague, The Czech Republic)
Michael Kundi (Vienna, Austria)
Naume Kupe (Randberg, South Africa)
Florian Kurth (Berlin, Germany)
Moe Kyaw (Swiftwater, PA, USA)
Nicholas Kyei (Heidelberg, Germany)
Danielle Lambrick (Southampton, UK)
Paul Lancaster (Sydney, Australia)
Etienne Langlois (Geneva, Switzerland)
David Larsen (New Orleans, LA, USA)
Andrew Lee (Sheffield, UK)
Hyun-Sook Lee (Gongju, South Korea)
Hannah Leslie (Boston, MA, USA)
Zhihui (Judy) Li (Boston, MA, USA)
Ornella Lincetto (Geneva, Switzerland)
Michael Lipnick (San Francisco, CA, USA)
Li Liu (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Armando Lopez (Morelos, Mexico)
Karsten Lunze (Boston, MA, USA)
Cécile Macé (Geneva, Switzerland)
Mario Malicki (Split, Croatia)
Pallab Malik (New Delhi, India)
Tanya Marchant (London, UK)
Andrew Marsh (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Pierre Martel (Mokhotlong, Lesotho)
Keith Martin (Victoria, Canada)
Tanimola Martins (Exeter, UK)
Dyness Matoba (Boston, MA, USA)
Rafidah Mazlan (Bangi, Malaysia)
Colin Millard (Newcastle, UK)
Chen Moa (Hong Kong)
Elizabeth Molyneux (Liverpool, UK)
Justin Moore (Winston-Salem, NC, USA)
Melissa Morgan (San Francisco, CA, USA)
Sarah Moxon (London, UK)
Melinda Munos (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Jason Nagata (San Francisco, CA, USA)
Aliya Naheed (Dhakar, Bangladesh)
Harish Nair (Edinburgh, UK)
Indira Nath (New Delhi, India)
Taratisio Ndwiga (Nairobi, Kenya)
Holly Newby (New York, NY, USA)
M Nisar (Karachi, Pakistan)
Yasir Bin Nisar (Geneva, Switzerland)
Kristine Onarheim (Bergen, Norway)
Marija Pantelic (Oxford, UK)
Elias Pavlopoulos (Athens, Greece)
Jamie Perin (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Henry Perry (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Luisa Pettigrew (Liverpool, UK)
Joshua Pevnick (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Adrienne Poon (Washington, DC, USA)
Gail Porter (Durham, UK)
Shelly Pranic (Split, Croatia)
Justin Pulford (Liverpool, UK)
Livia Puljak (Split, Croatia)
Tom Pullum (Fairfax, VA, USA)
Lukas Radbruch (Bonn, Germany)
Kazi Rahman (Nathan, Australia)
Asghar Rastegar (New Haven, CT, USA)
Jim Ricca (Washington, DC, USA)
Kathryn Roberts (London, UK)
Jonanthan Rohde (Dhakar, Bangladesh)
Ghada Saad-Haddad (Beruit, Lebanon)
Emma Sacks (Washington, DC, USA)
Somen Saha (Gandhinagar, India)
Mihretab Salasibew (London, UK)
Alafia Samuels (Cavehill, Barbados)
Malabika Sarker (Dhakar, Bangladesh)
Jackie Schleifer-Taylor (Toronto, Canada)
Najma Shaikh (Cape Town, South Africa)
Aziz Sheikh (Edinburgh, UK)
Ting Shi (Edinburgh, UK)
Hideaki Shiroyama (Tokyo, Japan)
Shivendra Shivani (Patiala, India)
Sachin Silva (Boston, MA, USA)
Ankur Singh (Adelaide, Australia)
Kavita Singh (Chapel Hill, NC, USA)
Andrew Stoddart (Edinburgh, UK)
Tor Strand (Bergen, Norway)
Sally Sutton (Shrewsbury, UK)
Chiho Suzuki (New York, NY, USA)
Evropi Theodoratou (Edinburgh, UK)
Marlee Tichenor (Edinburgh, UK)
Anna Tierlinck (Bilthoven, The Netherlands)
Mark Tomlinson (Stellenbosch, South Africa)
Djeinam Toure (Ithaca, NY, USA)
Lorainne Tudor Car (London, UK)
Vivian Ukah (Vancouver, Canada)
Mohammed Valipour (Tehran, Iran)
Bina Valsangkar (Washington, DC, USA)
Lara Vaz (Washington, DC, USA)
Linda Vesel (Boston, MA, USA)
Julieta Villegas (Bogota, Columbia)
Petr Výborný (Prague, The Czech Republic)
Zachary Wagner (Palo Alto, CA, USA)
Michael Wagner (Vienna, Austria)
Neff Walker (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Christa Walker (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Wenjuan Wang (Rockville, MD, USA)
Jumee Wang (Boston, MA, USA)
Charlotte Warren (New York, NY, USA)
Mariana Widmer (Geneva, Switzerland)
Julianne Williams (Oxford, UK)
Lorna Willocks (Edinburgh, UK)
Camilla Wiuff (Glasgow, UK)
John Woods (Crawley, Australia)
Hongjiang Wu (Edinburgh, UK)
Shaohua Xie (Solna, Sweden)
Hanzhang Xu (Durham, NC, USA)
Xiaolin Xu (Brisbane, Australia)
Guo Yan (Beijing, China)
Emily Yates-Doerr (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
Aisha Yousafzai (Boston, MA, USA)
Linhong Yuan (Beijing, China)
Shanshan Zhang (Edinburgh, UK)
Emily Zielinski-Gutierrez (Atlanta, GA, USA)
Linea Zimmerman (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Contact information:
Journal of Global Health
Rachael Atherton
Centre for Global Health Research
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
The University of Edinburgh
MacKenzie House
30 West Richmond Street
Edinburgh EH8 9DX, Scotland, UK
Phone +44 (0) 131 651 5142 Fax +44 (0) 131 650 6909
Rachael.Atherton[at]jogh.org
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